Internet of Things (IoT) based Health Monitor Device

Health is the centre of human enlightenment. Due to the recent Covid outbreak and several environmental pollutions, checking one's vitals regularly has become a necessity. Ours is an IoT-based device that measures a user's heart rate, blood oxygen level and body temperature. The device is compact and portable, making it easy for users to wear. The readings are measured and shown on an OLED display with the help of sensors. The data is also available on the cloud. A webpage and a mobile application were developed to view the data from the cloud. Individual graphs of the vitals with time are available on the mobile application. This can be used for progress measurement and statistical analyses. Authorized personnel can access the patient's vitals. This creates a scope for Tele-medication in rural and underdeveloped regions. Besides, one can also view his/her vitals for personal health routine. © 2022 IEEE.

COVID-19 in tobacco users.

Smoking is a significant social problem threatening the population's health, especially during the coronavirus pandemic. Due to the problem's urgency, we present a clinical case of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a patient with 10 years of smoking and concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (chronic bronchitis and peribronchial pneumosclerosis). Patient L.K., 42 years old, on 13.10.2022, was hospitalized for several hours at the Emergency Hospital of the Ministry of Health of Chuvashia (Cheboksary) with a severe new coronavirus infection. Secondary diagnosis: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Case history: for about two to three weeks, the patient noted an increase in body temperature to 37.2-37.4 degreeC and a cough. He has smoked for about 10 years, 1 pack per day. Computed tomography showed signs of bilateral COVID-associated pneumonitis, alveolitis with 85% involvement and consolidation sites, signs of chronic bronchitis, and peribronchial pneumosclerosis. The diagnosis of COVID-19 was confirmed by a polymerase chain reaction in a nasopharyngeal smear. The NEWS2 score was 9. After the treatment started, the patient died. Histological examination showed perivascular sclerosis, peribronchial pneumosclerosis, atrophic changes in the ciliated epithelium, and structural and functional alteration of the bronchial mucosa. In addition, areas of hemorrhage and inflammatory infiltrate in the bronchial wall were found. Coronavirus is known not to cause bronchitis but bronchiolitis. In the presented case, the patient showed signs of transition of bronchitis to the acute stage. Therefore, it can be assumed that the coronavirus acts as a complicating factor. In addition to the described changes, signs of viral interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary edema, and early development of acute respiratory distress syndrome were identified.Copyright © 2023, Media Sphera Publishing Group. All rights reserved.

Dried Blood Spot Analyses for the Diagnosis of Anti-cytokine Autoantibodies

Background: High-titer neutralizing anti-cytokine autoantibodies have been shown to be involved in several acquired diseases, including pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and disseminated/extrapulmonary Nocardia infections (anti-GM-CSF autoantibodies), disseminated mycobacterial disease (anti-IFN-gamma autoantibodies), and some cases of severe COVID-19 infection (anti-type 1 interferons). Currently, patient blood samples are shipped via courier and require temperaturecontrolled conditions for transfer. This method is expensive and requires patients to have access to medical personnel to draw the blood. However, the well-established technique of collecting blood on a paper card as a dried blood spot (DBS) for diagnosis offers a point of care alternative which can be performed with a simple finger prick. This method is less invasive, cheaper, and allows for easy transport of patient samples. Method(s): 30 uL of whole blood from patients was blotted on filter paper and stored at 4C until use. The filter paper was hole punched and each punched spot was eluted with 150 uL of a 0.05% Tween PBS solution at room temperature overnight. The eluate was screened for anti-cytokine autoantibodies using a particle-based approach. Patient plasma was also screened in conjunction for comparison. Result(s): We confirmed the presence of autoantibodies in the DBS eluate from 4 previously diagnosed patients with anti-GM-CSF autoantibodies and 2 patients with anti-IFN-gamma autoantibodies. Functional studies showed the DBS eluate from a patient with anti-GM-CSF autoantibodies was able to block GM-CSF-induced STAT-5 phosphorylation in normal PBMC. As a proof of concept and to increase the number of patients evaluated, we also confirmed the presence of anti-cytokine autoantibodies using dried plasma eluate from 9 patients with known anti-GM-CSF autoantibodies and 9 patients with anti-IFN-gamma autoantibodies. Levels detected in DBS analyses were comparable to the levels found in plasma from the same patients not subjected to blotting and elution. Temperature studies showed that the autoantibodies were detected at similar levels when stored at 4C, 25C, and 40C for a week. Conclusion(s): The diagnosis of pathogenic anti-cytokine autoantibodies should be considered in the context of unusual or adult-onset infections, and screening for this diagnosis can be performed with dried blood spot testing.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc.

Cold Comfort for Bio/Pharma

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted how vital cold chain is for the pharmaceutical industry, particularly as some vaccines needed to be produced, transported, and stored at -70 °C. Market projections for cold chain logistics of pharmaceuticals are projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 9.03% by 2025, which is reported to be driven by greater global demand for pharmaceuticals, increasing initiatives to promote cold chain, and more demand for reefer containers from the pharma industry (1). Gilmore (Tower Cold Chain): Putting the European success of the COVID-19 vaccine rollout to one side, the demand for effective temperature-controlled packaging solutions in the pharmaceutical supply chain has increased significantly in recent years. Today, the cold chain is grappling with additional challenges: serving a global market, driving out costs and waste, addressing capacity and resource constraints, and dealing with continually mounting regulations-all whilst handling valuable pharmaceutical cargo. Cold chain logistics providers must invest in the latest on-board equipment built into containers to track temperature and location, and to make data available to partners and customers in real time, to prevent or mitigate loss.

Safeguarding Biologies-Blending Engineering Ingenuity and Managerial Excellence

Many best practices and lessons learned have emerged in recent years as pharma/life sciences companies, along with their third-party logistics partners and vendors that supply specialized packaging and monitoring solutions, have all weathered the COVID-19 pandemic together and continued to support ongoing growth in the pipeline of therapeutic products that must be continuously maintained at refrigerated, frozen, or ultra-frozen temperatures. Cold chain planning and execution "... continues to be impacted by not only the pandemic but by other factors, such as air cargo capacity being down, instability related to inflation, the Russia/Ukraine conflict, and more, but despite it all, you still have patients depending on what you're delivering," notes Rob Coyle, senior vice president, healthcare strategy, Kuehne+Nagel. "With careful planning, we're often able to replace active shippers with passive units by leveraging existing infrastructure, ongoing advances in insulation materials, phase-change materials (PCM), and container designs, using advanced GPS and other monitoring devices to ensure continuous access to real-time location, temperature, and other data," adds Scott Ohanesian, senior vice president, commercial operations, QuickStat, a Kuehne+Nagel company. Technology advances "The Holy Grail for the pharma cold chain is 'how do I get perfect service at a more economical price?'" says Dan Gagnon, vice president of global strategy for UPS Healthcare.

A new strategy to integrate silver nanowires with waterborne coating to improve their antimicrobial and antiviral properties

PurposeThis study aims to focus on the preparation and characterization of the silver nanowire (AgNWs), as well as their application as antimicrobial and antivirus activities either with incorporation on the waterborne coating formulation or on their own.Design/methodology/approachPrepared AgNWs are characterized by different analytical instruments, such as ultraviolet-visible spectroscope, scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction spectrometer. All the paint formulation's physical and mechanical qualities were tested using American Society for Testing and Materials, a worldwide standard test procedure. The biological activities of the prepared AgNWs and the waterborne coating based on AgNWs were investigated. And, their effects on pathogenic bacteria, antioxidants, antiviral activity and cytotoxicity were also investigated.FindingsThe obtained results of the physical and mechanical characteristics of the paint formulation demonstrated the formulations' greatest performance, as well as giving good scrub resistance and film durability. In the antimicrobial activity, the paint did not have any activity against bacterial pathogen, whereas the AgNWs and AgNWs with paint have similar activity against bacterial pathogen with inhibition zone range from 10 to 14 mm. The development of antioxidant and cytotoxicity activity of the paint incorporated with AgNWs were also observed. The cytopathic effects of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) were reduced in all three investigated modes of action when compared to the positive control group (HSV-1-infected cells), suggesting that these compounds have promising antiviral activity against a wide range of viruses, including DNA and RNA viruses.Originality/valueThe new waterborne coating based on nanoparticles has the potential to be promising in the manufacturing and development of paints, allowing them to function to prevent the spread of microbial infection, which is exactly what the world requires at this time.

COVlD-19 vaccine Distribution: Preparing for the Unexpected

In December 2020, two shipments of the vaccine experienced temperature excursions in which product was actually kept at overly cold temperatures (3). Urgent need to protect data One problem that vaccine developers and regulatory agencies need to address is the urgent need to protect data, says Nigel Thorpe, technology director with Secure Age, which specializes in enterprise data encryption using a public key infrastructure platform. For operators on the plant floor, the efforts required are fraught with potential error, especially during shift changes, says Jim Evans, director of Verista, Inc.'s vision, connectivity, and automation division. Raw materials The speed with which vaccines have been developed and are being distributed pose important questions centred around variability. If we're having a raw materials shortage when the vaccines haven't even been scaled up, what will happen when they get full approval?" he asks.

Thermal Image Processing System for the measurement of body temperature using a Drone

In December 2019, several cases of pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 were identified in the city of Wuhan (China), which was declared by the WHO as a pandemic in March 2020 because it caused enormous problems to public health due to its rapid transmission of contagion. Being an uncontrolled case, precautions were taken all over the world to moderate the coronavirus that undoubtedly was very deadly for any person, presenting several symptoms, among them we have fever as a common symptom. A biosecurity measure that is frequently used is the taking of temperature with an infrared thermometer, which is not well seen by some specialists due to the error they present, therefore, it would not represent a safe measurement. In view of this problem, in this article a thermal image processing system was made for the measurement of body temperature by means of a drone to obtain the value of body temperature accurately, being able to be implemented anywhere, where it is intended to make such measurement, helping to combat the spread of the virus that currently continues to affect many people. Through the development of the system, the tests were conducted with various people, obtaining a more accurate measurement of body temperature with an efficiency of 98.46% at 1.45 m between the drone and the person, in such a way that if it presents a body temperature higher than 38° C it could be infected with COVID-19. © 2023 IEEE.

COVID-19 Pandemic, Climate Change, and Conflicts on Agriculture: A Trio of Challenges to Global Food Security

Global food security is a worldwide concern. Food insecurity is a significant threat to poverty and hunger eradication goals. Agriculture is one of the focal points in the global policy agenda. Increases in agricultural productivity through the incorporation of technological advances or expansion of cultivable land areas have been pushed forward. However, production growth has slowed in many parts of the world due to various endemic challenges, such as decreased investment in agricultural research, lack of infrastructure in rural areas, and increasing water scarcity. Climate change adversities in agriculture and food security are increasing. Recently, the COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected global food supply chains. Economic and social instability from the pandemic contribute to long-term disturbances. Additionally, conflicts such as war directly affect agriculture by environmental degradation, violence, and breaches of national and international trade agreements. A combination of food security and climate change challenges along with increased conflicts among nations and post-COVID-19 social and economic issues bring bigger and more serious threats to agriculture. This necessitates the strategic design of policies through multifaceted fields regarding food systems. In this comprehensive review, we explore how these three challenging factors, COVID-19, climate change, and conflicts, are interrelated, and how they affect food security. We discuss the impact of these issues on the agricultural sector, plus possible ways of preventing or overcoming such adverse effects.

Infrared Temperature Detection Using MLX90614 Sensor for Wearable Applications

Body temperature is a significant vital sign that can provide great insight as to the state of health of a person. Nowadays, body temperatures are monitored as often as a precaution for the COVID-19 virus. This can be achieved with the use of wearables, which can be non-invasive and convenient for anybody to use. This study aims to design and construct a wearable that can accurately detect the body temperature of a person using the MLX90614 sensor as well as an I2C enabled LCD to allow the user to monitor their temperature at a moment's notice. © 2023 IEEE.

Optimization and Characterization of Quercetin Vitamin C Nano-Phytosome Formulation

Objective: To design an optimal formulation for quercetin and vitamin C nano-phytosome. Method(s): Nano-phytosomes are prepared by the thin layer hydration technique using a 2-level-5-factor design experimental. A total of 32 experimental formulas were used for data analysis. The ratio of quercetin: soy lecithin (X1), the ratio of quercetin: cholesterol (X2), stirring speed (X3), stirring temperature (X4), and stirring time (X5) were used as independent factors, while globule size as a dependent factor. Data analysis was carried out by Design Expert12 application. Characterization of the optimal formula included physicochemical evaluation, globule size analysis, zeta potential, polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency, Transition Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis, and FTIR analysis. Result(s): The optimal formula consisted of quercetin: vitamin C: lecithin: cholesterol ratio of 1: 1: 1.046: 0.105 mol;stirring speed 763.986 rpm;stirring time of 59 min, at temperature 51.73 degreeC which produced 59.26 nm average globule size, PDI value 0.66;zeta potential value-35.93+/-0.95 mV and average SPAN value 0.61. This formulation showed entrapment efficiency of quercetin 91.69+/-0.18 % and vitamin C 90.82+/-0.13 %. The TEM and FITR analysis showed the morphological of the globules and interactions between the drugs, soy lecithin, and cholesterol to form nano-phytosomes. Conclusion(s): The conditions to obtain the optimal formula for quercetin vitamin C nano-phytosome consisted of quercetin: vitamin C: lecithin: cholesterol ratio of 1: 1: 1.046: 0.105 mol;stirring speed 763.986 rpm;stirring time of 59 min, and at temperature 51.73 degreeC.Copyright © 2023 The Authors.

A smart healthcare monitoring system for patients using IoT and cloud computing

Health monitoring systems are rapidly growing in recent times, Continuous monitoring of the patients is one of the big challenges for hospitals. Smart systems have been established to track the patient present health status;we focus on monitoring the patient's blood pressure, body temperature, Heart rate. In this project we use Arduino Mega 2560 which is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560 comments. In this paper, Embedded C language by using Arduino is used to obtain the sensor values. IOT data cloud is used in this project. IOT is used in healthcare system to track the patients' health condition as a monitoring device. Cloud computing develops as a platform for IoT data storage, processing and analytics because of its simplicity, expandability and affordability. Transmit sensor values to Arduino and it sends to GSM and WIFI module to monitor the parameters of the patients. In this project the notifications of patient's health status are sent to the caretaker and nurse, simultaneously it is updated in webpages also for the doctor's reference. Taking in account, COVID 19 Pandemic is highly infectious and spreadable disease, so to maintain the social distance, this monitoring system is needed. It reduces the need for face-to-face appointments with doctors in hospital. ECG sensor is also used to decide the heart activity of the patients. This project aims for the patients who are in continuous monitoring and bedridden. The GSM and IOT technologies give the architecture for healthcare in this project. © 2023 Author(s).

Face Mask And Body Temperature Detection In Sensor Enabled Automated Door Control System

Developing an automatic door-opening system that can recognize masks and gauge body temperature is the aim of this project. The new Corona Virus (COVID-19) is an unimaginable pandemic that presents the medical industry with a serious worldwide issue in the twenty-first century. How individuals conduct their lives has substantially changed as a result. Individuals are reluctant to seek out even the most basic healthcare services because of the rising number of sick people who pass away, instilling an unshakable terror in their thoughts.This paper is about the Automatic Health Machine (AHM). In this dire situation, the government provided the people with a lot of directions and information. Apart from the government, everyone is accountable for his or her own health. The most common symptom of corona infection is an uncontrollable rise in body temperature. In this project, we create a novel device to monitor people's body temperatures using components such as an IR sensor and temperature sensor. © 2023 IEEE.

Clinical and laboratory markers of severity of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19).

The aim of the research. To study clinical and laboratory features of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in order to develop a model that would allow, taking the publicly available research methods into account, to carry out early diagnosis of severe community-acquired pneumonia against the background of the new coronavirus infection. Material and methods. A total of 82 COVID-19 patients who complied with inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled. Depending on the clinical severity, three study groups were formed: group 1 included 13 patients with uncomplicated COVID-19, group 2 consisted of 39 patients with non-severe forms of pneumonia that developed against COVID-19 and group 3 was comprised of 30 patients with COVID-19 complicated by severe pneumonia. The groups were comparable in age and gender. All patients underwent general clinical examination, laboratory tests, including general and biochemical blood analysis, as well as chest computed tomography. Results. The clinical picture in COVID-19 patients differed depending on the disease severity. Coughing and shortness of breath were more often observed in patients with severe pneumonia;sore throat, on the contrary, was more often noted in patients with uncomplicated COVID-19. On admission to the inpatient facility, patients with severe pneumonia had higher body temperature and respiratory rate, with simultaneous decrease in blood oxygen saturation. One half of the patients with severe pneumonia had hypertensive disease in medical history, and one third had ischaemic heart disease. As a rule, uncomplicated COVID-19 patients did not have ischaemic heart disease. It was found through laboratory analysis of blood that groups of patients significantly differed in the levels of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils and eosinophils. Conclusion. The use of such clinical and laboratory data as acute respiratory failure, fever, the levels of neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils and basophils makes it possible to identify patients with more severe pneumonia against the background of COVID-19 even before chest computed tomography. Key words:.Copyright © 2022, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University. All rights reserved.

Integration of climate, transmission, and spread of dengue hemorrhagic fever in endemic areas

Introduction. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is still a public health problem even in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, including in Indonesia. This study aimed to analyze the incidence of DHF based on the integration of climatic factors, including rainfall, humidity, air temperature, and duration of sunlight and their distribution. Materials and Methods. This was an ecological time series study with secondary data from the Surabaya City Health Office covering the incidence of DHF and larva-free rate and climate data on rainfall, humidity, air temperature, and duration of sunlight obtained from the Meteorology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG). Silver station in Surabaya, the distribution of dengue incidence during 2018-2020. Results and Discussion. The results showed that humidity was correlated with the larvae-free rate. Meanwhile, the larva-free rate did not correlate with the number of DHF cases. DHF control is estimated due to the correlation of climatic factors and the incidence of DHF, control of vectors and disease agents, control of transmission media, and exposure to the community. Conclusions. The integration of DHF control can be used for early precautions in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic by control-ling DHF early in the period from January to June in Surabaya. It is concluded that humidity can affect the dengue outbreak and it can be used as an early warning system and travel warning regarding the relative risk of DHF outbreak.Copyright © the Author(s), 2023.

Observational study of peripheral skin temperature changes following spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery

Introduction: Effective spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery (CD) is assumed to cause bilateral sympathetic blockade with increased feet skin temperature due to vasodilatation [1]. There has been no published study of peripheral skin temperature measurements during spinal anaesthesia for CD. Our study investigated foot skin temperature changes as spinal anaesthesia was established. Method(s): A single centre, prospective observational study with ethics committee approval (IRAS No. 263967). With informed consent, 60 healthy parturients, 37-42 weeks' gestation with singleton pregnancy scheduled for category 4 CD with spinal anaesthesia were recruited. Standard spinal anaesthesia used 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine and diamorphine with IV Phenylephrine and fluids. Skin temperature was measured on the dorsum of both feet with Covidien Mon-a-Therm© skin thermistor sensors prior to intrathecal injection and every minute after until completion of surgery. Theatre room temperature and ambient temperature under surgical drapes were recorded. Two controls were recruited. Result(s): All participants had successful spinal anaesthesia. The Figure shows mean (95% CI) skin temperature changes of both feet of participants during spinal anaesthesia and for controls. The maximum rate of skin temperature increase occurred 5-12 minutes after spinal injection with temperature change plateauing after 30 mins. The mean temperature range was 5.54degreeC (min = 29.7degreeC;max = 35.2degreeC). Discussion(s): This study characterises for the first time the peripheral temperature changes in the feet that occur with sympathetic block after spinal anaesthesia in parturients. Increased bilateral foot skin temperatures occur within 10 minutes of spinal injection. This may be useful for determining successful spinal anaesthesia for CD in addition to other assessments [2]. The insights may be useful for assessing epidural analgesia. The study was supported by an OAA research grant. Data collected by ROAR group.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

Development of Data Logger for COVID Vaccine Temperature Monitoring System

The Data Logger (DL) is a unique tool created to carry out the typical duty of gathering data in a specific area. This common task can include measuring humidity, temperature, pressure or any other physical quantities. Due to the current pandemic situation, its use in temperature monitoring of Covid vaccine will be crucial. According to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, COVID vaccine can be stored and transported at -80 °C, -20°C and +2-8°C and shelf life is reduced as vaccine is transferred from one storage temperature to another. So cost effective, efficient and standalone Data Logger (DL) is the need of the hour. The Data logger is proposed to be developed with the use of ESP8266 Node MCU microcontroller. It takes power from a 5V Battery. DS18B20 sensor will be used for temperature sensing. Here we will use Wi-Fi module of ESP8266 Node MCU to send the temperature data from sensor to the Google Sheet over the internet. This real time data will be stored in the format of time and month/date/year. Data logged in Google Sheet will be displayed to the user with the help of graphical user interface (GUI) which is developed using PYTHON scripting language. GUI will allow user to interact with Data Logger through visual graphs. The Data Logger components are mounted on a double layered PCB. © 2022 IEEE.

Winter-autumn air pollution control plan in North China modified the PM2.5 compositions and sources in Central China

The additional impact of emission-reduction measures in North China (NC) during autumn and winter on the air quality of downwind regions is an interesting but less addressed topic. The mass concentrations of routine air pollutants, the chemical compositions, and sources of fine particles (PM2.5) for January 2018, 2019, and 2020 at a megacity of Central China were identified, and meteorology-isolated by a machine-learning technique. Their variations were classified according to air mass direction. An unexpectedly sharp increase in emission-related PM2.5 by 22.7% (18.0 mug m-3) and 25.7% (19.4 mug m-3) for air masses from local and NC in 2019 was observed compared to those of 2018. Organic materials exhibited the highest increase in PM2.5 compositions by 6.90 mug m-3 and 6.23 mug m-3 for the air masses from local and NC. PM2.5 source contributions related to emission showed an upsurge from 1.39 mug m-3 (biomass burning) to 24.9 mug m-3 (secondary inorganic aerosol) in 2019 except for industrial processes, while all reduced in 2020. From 2018 to 2020, the emission-related contribution of coal combustion to PM2.5 increased from 10.0% to 19.0% for air masses from the local area. To support the priority natural gas quotas in northern China, additional coal in cities of southern China was consumed, raising related emissions from transportation activities and road dust in urban regions, as well as additional biofuel consumption in suburban or rural regions. All these activities could explain the increased primary PM2.5 and related precursor NO2. This study gave substantial evidence of air pollution control measures impacting the downwind regions and promote the necessity of air pollution joint control across the administration.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

Meeting the Hospital Oxygen Demand with a Decentralized Autonomous PV System: Effect of PV Tracking Systems

When it comes to supplying oxygen, current standard hospitals in Iran have proven inadequate in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly during infection peaks. Power disruptions drastically reduce the oxygen pressure in hospitals, putting patients' health at risk. The present study is the first to attempt to power an oxygen concentrator with a solar-energy-based system. The HOMER 2.81 package was used for technical–economic–environmental–energy analysis. The most notable aspects of this work include evaluating different available solar trackers, using up-to-date equipment price data and up-to-date inflation rate, considering the temperature effects on solar cell performance, sensitivity analysis for the best scenario, considering pollution penalties, and using a three-time tariff system with price incentives for renewable power. The study has been carried out at Hajar Hospital, Shahrekord, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. The study showed that, by supplying 60% of the power demand, the dual-axis solar tracking system offered the highest annual power output (47,478 kWh). Furthermore, generating power at—$0.008/kWh due to selling power to the grid, the vertical-axis tracker was found to be the most economical design. Comparing the configuration with a vertical-axis tracker with the conventional scenario (relying on the power distribution grid), the investment is estimated to be recovered in three years with $234,300 in savings by the end of the 25th year. In the best economic scenario, 6137 kg CO2 is produced, and the analysis revealed the negative impact of a temperature rise on the performance and solar power output.

An outbreak of school influenza complicated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection

Objective: To describe the clinical features, causal agent and transmission mode of a fever outbreak in a school in Shanghai. Methods: Field epidemiological approaches including case definition development, searching for contacts, distribution of diseases description, environmental sampling and laboratory testing. Results: A total of 16 influenza-like cases were included, all concentrated in the one class of grade two, including 15 students and 1 teacher. Among student cases, the incidence rate was 36.59%(15/41), the average age was 7.4 years, the incidence rate was 36.84%(7/19) for boys, 36.36%(8/22) for girls. The clinical course was 5-15 days, with the median of 9 days, and 18.75%(3/16) of the cases stayed studying while sick. The nasopharyngeal swab specimens in 16 cases all tested positive for influenza B, of which 11 tested positive for mycoplasma pneumoniae and 1 case also tested positive for coronavirus OC43. Body temperature, number of mononuclear cells, and treatment time of patients infected with Influenza B and mycoplasma pneumoniae were higher than those of patients infected with influenza B alone(P < 0.05). The outbreak lasted for 12 days, all sick students were treated and discharged from hospital, with no severe cases or death, and the outbreak was effectively controlled. Conclusion: This campus cluster outbreak caused by influenza B and mycoplasma pneumoniae. Patients with influenza B with mycoplasma pneumoniae have severe symptoms and a long course of illness, suggesting the importance of early management of the epidemic.